Results Diagnosis Glomerulopati

Glomerulopati is an inflammation of the glomeruli. Glomeruli is the first part of the kidney filtration system.

There are 4 types glomerulopati:

1. Acute nephritic syndrome, occur suddenly and usually recover quickly
2. Progressive nephritic syndrome, arise suddenly and quickly worsen
3. Nephrotic syndrome, led to the loss of large amounts of protein in the urine
4. Chronic nephrotic syndrome, occur gradually and gets worse slowly, often over the years.

If the glomerulus is damaged, the substances are not filtered from the blood flow normally. Protein, blood, white blood cells and debris) can pass through the glomerulus and into the urine. A small blood clot (mikrotrombus) can form in the capillary memperdarahi glomerlus, thus reducing the amount of urine produced.

In addition, the kidneys become unable to concentrate urine, waste acid from the body or to balance the salt disposal. At first the glomerulus could mengkompensasai in part by growing larger, but this will further add to the damage so that the urine is reduced and metabolic wastes accumulate in the blood.

CAUSE
Kidney inflammation usually caused by infection, as occurs in pyelonephritis or sautu erroneous immune reaction and injured kidneys.

An abnormal immune reaction can occur via two ways:

1. An antibody may attack the kidney itself or an antigen (a substance that stimulates an immune reaction) attached to the kidney
2. Antigen and antibody to join in parts of the body and then attach to cells in the kidney.

SYMPTOMS
The symptoms depend on the type glomerulopati happened.

DIAGNOSIS
Definitive diagnosis for all types glomerulopati is by renal biopsy. Taken a small piece of kidney (usually with a needle that is inserted through the skin) and diperiksan with a microscope. Urinalysis (examination of samples of urine) helps confirm the diagnosis and routine blood tests can indicate the extent of damage to kidney function. Measurement of antibody levels in blood samples to help determine the progression of the disease; if the level is high then the situation worse, if the level is low then the situation improves.

TREATMENT
Attempts to alter the immune response by removing the antigen, antibody or a combination of both is done through plasmapheresis procedure, in which the hazardous substances disposed of in the blood. To suppress the immune reaction given anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive drugs (suppressing the immune system) such as corticosteroids, azathioprine and cyclophosphamide. In some cases, given drugs that prevent blood clots. If possible, be given specific treatment for the underlying disease; such as giving antibiotics to overcome an infection.

Signs or symptoms of Kidney Problem

Kidney is with greater regularity injured compared with other organs in your urinary area. Conflict for blunt induce caused car accidents, is catagorized, or damage when exercising is often a common explanation for the injuries. Penetrating renal problems can be a consequence of gunshot or simply stab chronic wounds. Rather unique, injuries may appear during analysis tests, including renal biopsy, or in the various remedies, such mainly because kidney gemstones, including extracorporeal astonish wave lithotripsy.

Nearly all blunt renal problems are minimal. Even which means that, some are actually serious. If the blunt or simply penetrating renal problems untreated, complications including kidney catastrophe, high circulation pressure, overdue bleeding, and infection may appear.

SYMPTOMS
The discomforts of straight-forward renal injury can include pain in your upper abdominal or pelvis (the neighborhood between a ribs and even pelvis), bruising in the pelvis, body in urine, an indication near any kidney was expressed by a seatbelt, or pain manufactured by seat belt, or pain caused by cracks in your bottom within the ribs. Using severe renal problem, low continue pressure (jolt) in addition to anemia may appear if someone loses a substantial amount from blood.

MEDICAL DIAGNOSIS
The history of this events which usually cause personal injury, the persons symptoms together with physical visit help medical doctors identify kidney personal injury. Urine selections taken together with examined to ascertain if you find blood. Blood inside urine in any person by using a urinary pathway injury will be suspected how the injury includes the kidneys. Blood could possibly be visible in the naked perspective (yucky hematuria) or perhaps visible only running a microscope (problems hematuria). Using penetrating problems, location associated with injury (whether at the pinnacle or the biggest market of the stomach, back, or pelvis) may help doctors determine or perhaps a affected kidney.

Adults who may have mild signs and blood in your urine that could be visible only having a microscope might possibly experience bruising designed to heal without treatment. Further tests are generally not requested. For kids and just for adults who will be suspected simply by doctors more damaging injury, calculated tomography (CT) with the help of radiaktif absorb dyes (comparison agent) undertaken. Occasionally, additional image resolution tests could possibly be needed to make sure that the prognosis.

TREATMENT
Pertaining to mild kidney problem, carefully controlling the consumption of fluids in addition to bed rest are often times the mainly treatment is better, because it allow the kidneys that will heal once more. For more dangerous injuries, treatment starts out with steps to regulate blood loss as well as prevent surprises. Fluids as well as blood can be given intravenously to keep blood demand in usual, and strokes urine construction. Only essentially the most serious accidental injuries, such as as soon as kidneys to help you dislodge installed on the arteries, require high tech repair. Almost never, the in pain kidney should be removed.

The majority recover out of even substantial kidney harm, the accidental injuries are defined and remedied promptly. Renal disaster, when created, may have to have long-term procedure. Another complications in renal injuries that want treatment incorporate high circulation pressure, past due bleeding, plus infection.

Symptoms of Chronic Nephritis Tubulointerstisialis

Tubulointerstisialis Chronic nephritis is any chronic kidney disease, which damage the renal tubules or surrounding tissue is more important than damage to glomeruli or blood vessels. One third of cases of kidney failure resulting from chronic nephritis tubulointerstisialis.

CAUSE
20% of cases of chronic nephritis tubulointerstisialis result from the use of drugs or long-term poisoning. The rest arise in conjunction with other diseases.

SYMPTOMS
Usually not found edema (tissue swelling) due to fluid retention. The amount of protein lost through urine only slightly and not found in the urine of blood. In the early stages of disease, blood pressure normal or slightly increased. If found large amounts of protein or blood in the urine, then there is usually a disease glomeruler.

If the renal tubules are not functioning normally, the symptoms resemble tubulointerstisialis acute nephritis. In some types of chronic nephritis tubulointerstisialis can form kidney stones.

Diagnosis Disease Alport syndrome

Alport syndrome (hereditary nephritis) is a hereditary disease, in which kidney function is bad and there is hematuria (blood in urine), sometimes accompanied by deafness and disorders of the eye.

CAUSE
Alport syndrome is caused by abnormalities of genes on chromosome X. Women who have this gene on one chromosome Xnya usually show no symptoms, although the kidney is less efficient compared with normal kidneys. Despite having no symptoms, this woman could pass these genes to their children. Men with this gene usually develop kidney failure at age 20-30 years, because men have only one X chromosome and so can not compensate for this chromosome abnormality to other chromosomes.

SYMPTOMS
Many patients have no symptoms other than hematuria, but urine may also contain some protein, white blood cells and casts (small clumps). Alport syndrome can affect organs other than kidneys. Hearing loss often occurs usually in the form of an inability to hear sounds of higher frequencies.

Cataracts can also occur, although less frequently than the hearing loss. Abnormalities in the cornea, lens or retina sometimes causing blindness. Other disorders occur in several neurological (polyneuropathy) and thrombocytopenia (platelet count less in the blood). High blood pressure can occur.

DIAGNOSIS
Diagnosis based on symptoms and results of urinalysis (urine analysis). Audiometric examination showed presence of deafness. Renal biopsy shows chronic glomerulonephritis with images that are typical for Alport syndrome.

TREATMENT
The goal of treatment is to monitor and control the progression of the disease and treating its symptoms. The important thing is to control high blood pressure. To cope with chronic renal failure can be made dietary changes and restrictions on fluid intake. If it has reached an advanced stage, performed dialysis or kidney transplantation.

Cataracts are treated with surgery to remove cataracts. Deafness that occurs may be settled. This can be helped by using hearing aids.

PREVENTION
Counseling and genetic counseling is usually necessary to determine whether there is the possibility that the same thing happened later in their offspring.

Acute Renal Failure - Causes, Symptoms and Treatment

Acute Renal Failure is a rapid deterioration of the ability of the kidneys in clearing the blood of toxic materials, which leads to accumulation of metabolic wastes in the blood (eg urea).

CAUSE
This disease is a result of various circumstances that led to:
- Reduced blood flow to the kidneys
- Blockage of urine flow after the left kidney
- Trauma to the kidney.

SYMPTOMS
The symptoms were found in renal failure are: - Decreased urine production (oliguria = urine volume decreased or anuria = not at all to form urine)
- Nocturia (urination at night)
- Swelling of the leg, foot or ankle
- Swelling of the whole (due to fluid retention)
- Decreased taste, especially in the hands or feet
- Mental or mood changes
- Seizures
- Hand tremor
- Nausea, vomiting

The symptoms depend on the severity of renal failure, progression of the disease and its causes. Circumstances that lead to the occurrence of renal damage usually produce serious symptoms that are not related to the kidney. For example, high fever, shock, heart failure and liver failure, kidney failure can occur before and could be more serious than the symptoms of kidney failure.

Some conditions that cause kidney failure also affect other body parts. For example Wegener's granulomatosis, which causes damage to blood vessels in the kidneys, also cause damage to blood vessels in the lungs, so that the patient experienced coughing up blood. Skin rashes are typical symptoms for some causes of kidney failure, namely polyarteritis, systemic lupus erythematosus and some drugs that are toxic.

Hydronephrosis can cause acute renal failure due to blockage of urine flow. Backflow of urine in the kidneys causing urinary collecting area in the kidney (renal pelvis) stretched, causing painful cramps (can be mild or very severe) on the affected side. In about 10% of patients, bladder containing blood.

DIAGNOSIS
If urine production is reduced, then it is suspect as acute renal failure. Blood tests indicate the presence of urea and creatinine levels are high, accompanied by metabolic disorders (eg, acidosis, hyperkalemia, hyponatremia).

On physical examination, carried out an assessment of the kidneys; whether there is swelling or tenderness. Narrowing of the main renal artery can cause noise (bruit) that will be heard at the examination with a stethoscope. If the blockage is suspected, digital rectal examination or a vaginal plug to determine the existence of mass in both places.

Laboratory examinations of the urine can help determine the cause and severity of renal failure. If the cause is reduced blood flow to the kidneys or urinary tract blockage, then the urine will look normal. If the cause is an abnormality in the kidney, the urine will contain a collection of blood or red blood cells and white blood cells. Urine also contains a large number of proteins or different types of proteins that are normally not found in the urine.

Angiography (X-ray examination of the artery and vein) is done if the suspected cause is a blockage of blood vessels. Other tests that may help is a CT scan and MRI. If the examination can not show the cause of acute renal failure, then do a biopsy (removal of tissue for microscopic examination).

TREATMENT
The goal of treatment is to find and treat the cause of acute renal failure. In addition to centralized treatment of fluid retention and prevent excessive metabolic wastes. Restricted fluid intake and adjusted the volume of urine expelled. Salt intake and substances that are normally removed by the kidneys, is also restricted. Patients are encouraged to undergo a diet rich in carbohydrates and low in protein, sodium and potassium.

Antibiotics can be given to prevent or treat infeksi.Untuk increase the amount of fluid excreted through the kidneys, can be given a diuretic. Sometimes given sodium polystyrene sulfonate for hyperkalemia overcome. To remove excess fluid and metabolic waste can be done dialysis. With the dialysis patient will feel better and easier to control renal failure. Dialysis should not be undertaken by each patient, but often can prolong survival, especially if serum potassium levels are very high.

Indications do dialysis are:
- The state of mental decline
- Pericarditis
- Hyperkalemia
- Anuria
- Fluid overload
- Creatinine levels> 10 mg / dL and BUN> 120 mg / dL.

How to Barttner Syndrome Treatment

Barttner syndrome is a disorder where the kidneys dispose of electrolytes (potassium, sodium and chloride) in excessive amounts, so that the levels of potassium in the blood becomes low (hypokalemia) and the hormone aldosterone and renin levels high.

CAUSE
Barttner syndrome is usually a hereditary disease and is caused by recessive genes. Patients get 2 of these genes from both parents.

SYMPTOMS
Children grow slowly and appear malnourished. Muscle weakness, feeling of excessive thirst, removing large amounts of urine and the mentally retarded.

Sodium chloride and water levels in the blood becomes low.
Body tries to compensate by producing more of aldosterone and renin. These hormones cause decreased levels of potassium in the blood.

DIAGNOSIS
Diagnosis based on symptoms and laboratory results showed abnormalities in potassium and hormone levels in the blood.

TREATMENT
Symptoms can be prevented by consuming potassium by mouth (swallowed) and drugs that reduce the removal of potassium into the urine, such as spironolactone (also inhibits aldosterone work), triamteren, amiloride, propranolol or indometacin. To compensate for the loss of fluid overload, patients should drink plenty of water.

Best Solution Treatment of Chronic Renal Failure

Chronic Renal Failure is a slow deterioration of kidney function that leads to accumulation of metabolic wastes in the blood (azotemia).

CAUSE
The cause of chronic renal failure are:
- High blood pressure (hypertension)
- Blockage of the urinary tract
- Glomerulonephritis
- Kidney disorders, such as kidney disease polikista
- Diabetes mellitus (diabetes)
- Autoimmune disorders, such as systemic lupus erythematosus.

SYMPTOMS
In chronic renal failure, symptoms develop slowly. At first there are no symptoms at all, abnormalities of kidney function can only be known from laboratory tests. In chronic renal failure mild to moderate, mild symptoms despite an increase in urea in the blood.

At this stage there are:
- Nocturia, patients with frequent urination at night because the kidneys can not absorb water from the urine, as a result, the volume of urine increases
- High blood pressure, because the kidneys are unable to remove excess salt and water. High blood pressure can cause stroke or heart failure.

In line with the development of the disease, the long metabolic wastes that accumulate in the blood more and more.

At this stage, patients show symptoms:
- Fatigue, tiredness, lack of standby
- Muscle twitching, muscle weakness, cramps
- Needles feeling in the limbs
- Loss of feeling in certain areas
- Seizure occurs when high blood pressure or blood chemistry abnormalities cause brain dysfunction
- Decreased appetite, nausea, vomiting
- Inflammation of the lining of the mouth (stomatitis)
- Bad taste in mouth
- Malnutrition
- Weight loss.

In an already very advanced stage, patients can suffer from ulcers and gastrointestinal bleeding. Her skin is yellow brown and sometimes very high concentrations of urea that crystallized from the sweat and form a white powder on the skin (uremic clot). Some sufferers feel itching all over body.


DIAGNOSIS
On examination the blood will be found:
- Increased levels of urea and creatinine
- Anemia
- Acidosis (increased blood acidity)
- Hypocalcemia (decreased calcium levels)
- Hyperphosphatemia (elevated phosphate levels)
- Increased levels of parathyroid hormone
- Decreased levels of vitamin D
- Potassium levels to normal or slightly increased.

Urine analysis showed a variety of disorders, a discovery of the abnormal cells and high salt concentrations.


TREATMENT
The goal of treatment is to control the symptoms, minimizing complications and slowing disease progression. The causes and circumstances which aggravate kidney failure should be immediately corrected. Diets low in protein (0.4 to 0.8 grams / kg) can slow the progression of chronic renal failure. Additional vitamins B and C is given if the patient underwent a strict diet or dialysis.

In patients with chronic renal failure typically high levels of triglycerides in the blood. This will increase the risk of complications, such as stroke and heart attack. To reduce levels of triglycerides, given gemfibrozil. Sometimes fluid intake is restricted to prevent too low levels of salt (sodium) in the blood. Salt intake is usually not restricted except in case of edema (accumulation of fluid in the tissues) or hypertension.

Foods rich in potassium should be avoided. Hyperkalemia (high potassium levels in the blood) is very dangerous because it increases the risk of heart rhythm disturbances and cardiac arrest. If potassium levels are too high, given polisteren sodium sulfonate to bind potassium, so potassium can be disposed of with feces.

Phosphate levels in the blood is controlled by limiting intake of foods rich in phosphate (eg dairy products, liver, legumes, nuts and soft drinks). Can be given drugs that can bind phosphate, such as calcium carbonate, calcium acetate and aluminum hydroxide.

Anemia occurs because the kidneys fail to produce in sufficient quantity eritropoeitin. Erythropoietin is a hormone that stimulates red blood cell formation. Poietin response to the injection very slowly. Blood transfusions are only given if severe anemia or cause symptoms.

Easy bleeding tendency can temporarily overcome by the transfusion of red blood cells or platelets, or with drugs (such as desmopressin or estrogens). Such actions may be necessary after the patient suffered an injury or before undergoing a surgical procedure or tooth extraction.

Symptoms of heart failure usually occurs due to accumulation of fluid and sodium. In these circumstances be desirable to limit sodium intake or diuretic (eg furosemide, bumetanid and torsemid). Hypertension or severe hypertension were treated with standard hypertension medications. If the initial treatment for kidney failure are no longer effective, then made a long-term dialysis or kidney transplantation.

More How to Treat Cystitis

Cystitis is an infection of the bladder. Bladder infection generally occurs in women, especially in the reproductive period. Some women suffer from recurrent bladder infections.

CAUSE
Bacteria from the vagina can move from the urethra into the bladder. Women often suffer from bladder infections after sexual intercourse, possibly due to urethral injury during sexual intercourse. Sometimes recurrent bladder infections in women occur due to an abnormal relationship between the bladder and the vagina (fistula vesikovaginal).

Bladder infections are rare in men and usually begins as an infection of the urethra that moves into the prostate and the bladder. In addition, bladder infections can occur due to catheter or device used during surgery. The most common cause of recurrent bladder infections in men are prostate infection caused by bacteria that are settled. Antibiotics will immediately eliminate the bacteria from the urine in the bladder, but antibiotics can not penetrate the prostate well so can not relieve the infection in the prostate. Therefore, if the antibiotic is stopped, the bacteria inside the prostate will likely re-infect the bladder.

Abnormal relationship between the bladder and bowel (fistula vesikoenterik) sometimes causes the gas-forming bacteria enter and grow in the bladder. This infection can cause air bubbles in the urine (pneumaturia).


SYMPTOMS
Bladder infection usually causes the urge to urinate and a burning sensation or pain during urination. Pain is usually felt above the pubic bone and is often also felt in the lower back. Other symptoms include nocturia (frequent urination at night). The urine looks cloudy and contain blood.

Sometimes bladder infections cause no symptoms and are known at the time of examination of urine (urinalysis for other reasons.) Cystitis with no symptoms are especially common in the elderly, who may suffer from incontinence uri as a result.


DIAGNOSIS
Diagnosis based on typical symptoms. Taken midstream urine sample (midstream), so that urine is not contaminated by bacteria from the vagina or tip of the penis. The urine is then examined under a microscope to see the presence of red blood cells or white blood cells or other substances. Made a head count of bacteria and cultured to determine the type of bacteria. If infection occurs, it is usually one type of bacteria found in large numbers.

In men, the urine flow was usually sufficient for diagnosis. In women, urine samples are sometimes contaminated by bacteria from the vagina, so it is necessary to take samples of urine directly from the bladder using a catheter.

Other tests are performed to help establish the diagnosis of cystitis are:
- X-rays, to describe the kidneys, ureters and bladder
- Sistouretrografi, to know of any backflow of urine from the bladder and urethra stricture
- Uretrogram retrograde, to determine the presence of narrowing, diverticula or fistula
- Cystoscopy, to see the bladder directly with fiber optics.

TREATMENT
In the elderly, the infection without symptoms usually do not require treatment. For mild cystitis, the first step that can be done is to drink plenty of fluids. This flushing action will waste a lot of bacteria from the body, the remaining bacteria will be eliminated by the body's natural defenses.

Antibiotics by mouth (tablet, capsule, syrup) for 3 days or a single dose is usually effective, as long as complications arise yet. If the infection is resistant, antibiotics are usually given for 7-10 days. To relieve muscle spasms can be given atropine. To reduce the pain may be given fenazopiridin. Symptoms can often be reduced by making the atmosphere of the urine becomes alkaline, ie by drinking baking soda dissolved in water.

Surgery is done to overcome the blockage of urine flow (obstructive uropathy) or to correct structural abnormalities that cause infection more likely. Usually given antibiotics before surgery to reduce the risk of spreading infection throughout the body.

PREVENTION
As a precaution in patients who have undergone more than 2 times cystitis, antibiotics can continue to be given in low doses. Antibiotics can be given every day, 3 times / week or immediately after sexual intercourse.

Medullary cysts Disease Diagnosis

Medullary cyst disease is a disease in which kidney failure occurs simultaneously with the formation of cysts deep within the kidney.

CAUSE
Medullary cystic disease may be a hereditary disease or congenital defects.

SYMPTOMS
Symptoms usually begin to occur before the age of 20 years, symptoms are varied and in some patients new symptoms arise in the future. Patients spend large amounts of urine because the kidneys do not respond to antidiuretic hormone, which normally sends signals to the kidneys to concentrate urine. This can lead to wastage of large amounts of sodium, so patients require fluid and salt intake that much.

In children often found mental retardation and bone disease. This disease arises slowly over the years and the body to compensate so well that the problem is often not realized until the occurrence of advanced-stage renal failure.

DIAGNOSIS
Laboratory tests showed that poor kidney function. X-rays showed a small kidney. With ultrasound the cyst can be found deep within the kidney, although very small cyst.

TREATMENT
If renal failure occurs, then dialysis or a kidney transplant performed.

How To Overcome Interstisialis Cystitis

Interstisialis Cystitis is an inflammation of the bladder that cause pain.

CAUSE
The cause is not known because no infectious organisms found in the urine. Which is typical of this disease is often found in middle-aged women.

SYMPTOMS
Symptoms include:
- Frequent urination
- Urge to urinate
- Dysuria (pain when urinating)
- Pain during sexual intercourse (dyspareunia).

Sometimes the urine contains blood. Could eventually occur pengisutan bladder.

DIAGNOSIS
Diagnosis based on examination results sitoskopi, which will appear the points of bleeding in the lining of the bladder.

TREATMENT
There is no effective treatment or standard treatment for cystitis interstisialis.

Several types of treatment ever attempted in patients with cystitis interstisialis:
- Dilatation (widening) of the bladder by hydrostatic pressure (water power)
- Drugs (elmiron, nalmafen)
- Anti-depressant (effects pain reliever)
- antispasmodic
- Klorapaktin (inserted into the bladder)
- Antibiotics (usually not much help, unless there is a bladder infection)
- DMSO (dimethylsulfoxide), to reduce inflammation
- Surgery.

Kidney Stones - Causes and Treatment

Kidney stones are often a frightening specter for everyone. Moreover, these stones can cause kidney failure if delayed.

Kidney stones are formed from various substances. Generally these stones are formed from calcium and oxalate. The amount was sometimes not just one. Could some rocks with varying sizes. "Generally, these stones measuring between 7 to 10 mm. But there also can reach sizes of 15 mm.

CAUSE
What caused the stone is still not known with certainty. There is an assumption if the diet is associated with increased risk of stone formation. For example, excessive calcium intake may increase the risk of kidney stones. But this is not true.

In fact there are people who already maintain calcium intake but still affected by kidney stones. While all those other people did not even hit mengasup calcium kidney stones.

The doctors suspect this is caused by genetic factors. The existence of genetic abnormalities in patients who make excessive body calcium or other substances released that can form stones. So that these minerals settle in the kidneys or the urinary tract and into the stone.

HANDLING
Drink plenty of water is a way to help remove the stones that had broken through the urine.

If the size of the stone is too large then it must be immediately removed. The way in which did not use the surgery with large incisions. Nowadays stone removal can be done with laparaskopi techniques, namely surgery with minimal incisions. Or it could be a technique of shock waves (ESWL) which would destroy the stone to be excreted through urine.

PREVENTION
Although the diet had little influence on the formation of kidney stones, a healthy lifestyle is recommended for everyone who has been affected or not affected by kidney stones. Healthy lifestyles that include diet, drink lots of water, and activities on a regular basis can prolong the process of formation and size of stones.

Symptoms of Kidney and Urinary Tract Kelaianan

Symptoms caused by kidney and urinary tract abnormalities varies greatly, depending on the kidneys or urinary tract is affected. Fever and malaise (feeling unwell) is a common symptom, but a bladder infection (cystitis) usually does not cause fever. A bacterial infection of the kidneys (pyelonephritis) usually causes a high fever. Kidney cancer sometimes cause a fever.

Most people do pee as much as 4-6 times / day, especially during the day. Frequency (frequent urination) without an accompanying increase in the total amount of urine a day, is a symptom of a bladder infection or irritation of the bladder (eg due to foreign objects, stones, or tumors).

Tumors or other masses that suppress the bladder can also cause increased frequency of urination. Bladder irritation can also cause dysuria (pain when urinating) and urgency (urge to urinate), which can be felt as tenesmus (painful straining almost perceived as continuous). The amount of urine is usually small, but if the patient does not immediately urinate, the urine can come out by itself (control over urination is lost).

Nocturia is the frequent urination at night. Nocturia can be true in the early stages of kidney disease, but could also be due before the person sleeps too much to drink, especially alcohol, coffee, or tea. Nocturia occurs because the kidneys can not concentrate urine properly.

Nocturia is also occurs in patients with heart failure, liver failure or diabetes, although there are no abnormalities in the bladder channel.

Nocturia with the amount of urine that very little can happen when urine flows back into the bladder because of blockage; one reason most often found in elderly men is enlargement of the prostate gland.

Enuresis (bedwetting) at the age of 2-3 years is normal. Enuresis which occurs after the age of 3 years, indicating the existence of a problem, for example:
- Delay in the maturation of muscle and nerve in the lower urinary tract
- Infection or narrowing of the urethra
- Neurogenic bladder (inadequate control of the nerves of the bladder).

The symptoms are often found in the blockage of the urethra is:
- Reluctance to initiate urination,
- The need for straining,
- A weak stream or drip,
- After urination, the urine still dripping.

In men, symptoms are most often caused by pembesaraan prostate and narrowing of the urethra (urethral stricture). Same symptoms in boys, may indicate the presence of congenital abnormalities in the form of narrowing of the urethra or urethral opening is very small. Small opening of the urethra which can also be found in women.

Uri incontinence (inability to hold urination) may occur in various circumstances. Cystocele (herniation / rupture of the bladder into the vagina), the urine can come out when people laugh, cough, running, or lifting heavy loads. Cystocele is usually caused by stretching and pelvic muscle weakness (since birth) or due to changes in hormone levels of estrogen at menopause.

Blockage in the flow from the bladder can cause incontinence if the pressure inside the bladder exceeds the custody of the blockage, even though the bladder is not completely empty.

The presence of gas in the urine is a symptom of a rare, usually indicate a fistula (abnormal connection) between the urinary and intestinal tract. A fistula can be a complication of divertikulits, abscesses and cancer. Fistula between the bladder and the vagina can also cause the presence of gas in the urine. Sometimes bacteria in the urine also form a gas.

Under normal circumstances, an adult throw around a cup of urine to 0.9 L / day. A variety of kidney disease cause disruption of the ability of kidneys to concentrate urine, so the amount of urine thrown exceed 2.25 L.

The amount of urine that very much is usually the result of:
- High blood sugar levels,
- Low levels of antidiuretic hormone produced by the pituitary gland (diabetes insipidus), and
- Decrease in response to antidiuretic hormone (nephrogenic diabetes insipidus).

Kidney disease or blockage of the ureter, bladder or urethra can suddenly lead to reduced production of urine to less than 2 cups / day. If the production of urine with less than 1 cup / day continues, there could be accumulation of metabolic wastes in the blood (azotemia). The decrease in urine can indicate kidney failure is acute or worsening of a chronic kidney disorder.

Urine (urine) which is almost colorless liquid, while the concentrated urine dark yellow. Dyes in foods can cause red-colored urine, whereas the drugs can cause the urine is brown, black, blue, green or red. In addition to its food or medicine, which does not yellow urine is abnormal.

Brown urine may contain the breakdown of hemoglobin (the protein that carries oxygen in red blood cells) or muscle protein. Urine containing the dye due to porphyria to red, whereas the dye due to melanoma causes urine to black. Cloudy urine which indicate the presence of pus caused by a urinary tract infection or crystals of uric acid salts and phosphoric acid. The cause of the abnormal urine color can be known by performing microscopic examination of urine sediment and urine chemistry analysis.

Hematuria (blood in the urine) can cause the urine is red or brown, depending on the amount of blood, old blood in the urine and the acidity of urine. Hematuria without pain may result from bladder cancer or kidney cancer. Hematuria is usually intermittent, and the bleeding stopped spontaneously even though the cancer is still there.

Other causes of hematuria are:
- Glomerulonephritis
- Kidney stones
- Kidney cysts
- Sickle cell disease
- Hydronephrosis.

Pain due to kidney disease is usually felt in the back, namely in the flank area (between the ribs and hips the back). Sometimes the pain spreads to the middle of the abdomen. The cause is stretching of the renal capsule (outer part of the kidney, which is sensitive to pain), it can happen in various circumstances that cause swelling of the kidney tissue. If the kidney is pressed, the pain often arises.

If a kidney stone through the ureter, there will be severe pain. In response to the stones, ureteric contraction causing severe cramping pain in lower back, often radiating to the groin. If the stone is delivered to the bladder, the pain will disappear.

Pain in the bladder is most often caused by bacterial infection. This pain is usually felt above the pubic bone and at the end of the urethra when urinating.
Blockage of urine flow also causes pain over the pubic bone, but if the blockage occurs slowly, usually widening of the bladder not accompanied by pain.

Cancer and prostate enlargement is usually painless, but the inflammation of the prostate (orostatitis) may cause a vague pain or feeling of fullness in the area between the anus and genitals. At the time of ejaculation, sometimes out of bloody semen. This can occur in men who suffer from clotting disorders.

Results Diagnosis of Kidney Disease Polikista

Polikista Kidney disease is an inherited disease in which the two kidneys are found a lot of cysts, the kidney becomes larger but have less functioning kidney tissue. Cysts are closed sacs lined by epithelial tissue and contains fluid or semisolid material.

CAUSE
Genetic abnormalities that cause this panyakit can be dominant or recessive. This means that patients can have a dominant gene from one parent or two recessive genes from both parents. Patients who have a new dominant gene usually show symptoms in adulthood; patients who have a recessive gene usually indicates severe disease in childhood.

SYMPTOMS
In children, polikista kidney disease causes the kidneys to become very large and belly. Newborns who suffer from severe disease may die soon after birth, due to kidney failure in the fetus led to the disruption of lung development. This disease also attacks the liver. At the age of 5-10 years, sufferers tend to experience high blood pressure in blood vessels that connect the intestine with the liver (portal system). Could eventually occur liver failure and kidney failure.

In adults, kidney disease polikista develop slowly over many years. Symptoms begin to appear in early or mid-adulthood, although sometimes the disease is not known until the sufferer dies. Symptoms include back pain, blood in the urine (hematuria), infection and severe cramping pain caused by kidney stones (renal colic). On the other patients who have less functioning kidney tissue which can occur fatigue, nausea, decreased urine output and other symptoms caused by kidney failure.

Chronic infection will worsen kidney failure. Half the patients have high blood pressure. About a third of patients also have a cyst in his heart, but these cysts do not affect liver function. More than 20% of patients have a dilated blood vessel in his skull and 75% of them eventually experienced a cerebral hemorrhage (subarachnoid hemorrhage).

DIAGNOSIS
Diagnosis based on family history and symptoms. Jikapenyakit has reached an advanced stage and the kidney is enlarged, the diagnosis is certain. Ultrasound and CT scan showed a picture of kidney and liver cysts akbiat moth-eaten.

TREATMENT
More than half of patients will experience kidney failure later in life. Treat infections and high blood pressure can prolong survival. To cope with kidney failure, dialysis or a kidney transplant performed.

A Brief Study About the Kidney and Urinary Tract Biology

Under normal circumstances, humans have two kidneys. Each kidney has a ureter that drains urine from the renal pelvis (the kidney is central to the collection of urine) into the bladder. From the bladder, urine flows through the urethra, leaving the body through the penis (male) and vulva (women).

Kidney function is to:

* Filtering of metabolic waste
* Filter out excess sodium and water from the blood
* Helps remove waste products and excess sodium and water from the body
* Helps regulate blood pressure
* Helps regulate blood cell formation.

Each kidney consists of about 1 million filtering units (nephrons). A nephron is a structure that resembles a bowl with a perforated wall (Bowman's capsule), which contains a tuft of blood vessels (glomeruli). Bowman's capsule and glomerular renal korpuskulum form.

Blood entering the glomerulus has a high pressure. Most of the liquid part of blood that is filtered through tiny holes in the walls of blood vessels in the lining of the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule; so the only remaining blood cells and large molecules (eg proteins).

The fluid was filtered (filtrate) into the cavity of Bowman (areas located between the inner layer and outer layer of Bowman's capsule) and flows into the proximal convoluted tubule (tube / channel upstream from the Bowman's capsule); sodium, water, glucose, and other materials that come filtered reabsorbed and returned to the blood.

The kidneys also use energy to selectively move large molecules (including drugs, eg penicillin) into the tubule. The molecule is discharged into the urine, although its size is large enough to be able to pass through the holes in the glomerular filter.

The next part of the nephron is Ansa Henle. When the liquid through the Ansa Henle, sodium and some other electrolyte is pumped out so the remaining liquid becomes more concentrated. This concentrated liquid that will flow into the distal convoluted tubule. In the distal tubules, the more the amount of sodium is pumped out.

Fluid of some nephron flow into a collecting ducts (collecting ducts). In the collecting ducts, the fluid passes through the kidneys as a concentrated liquid, or if it is still runny, then the water will be absorbed from the urine and returned to the blood, so that the urine becomes more concentrated. The body controls the concentration of the urine based on its needs for water through the hormones that affect kidney function works.

Urine that form in the kidneys flows down through the ureters into the bladder; flow is not a passive flow. The ureter is the tube / muscular tube that drives a number of urine in a wavy motion (contraction). Each ureter will get into the bladder through a sphincter. Sphincter is a muscular structure (muscular) that can be opened (so that urine can pass) and close.

Urine that regularly flow from the ureter will collect in the bladder. This could inflate the bladder, where its size is gradually enlarged to accommodate the amount of urine increased. If the bladder is full, it will send nerve signals to the brain, which convey messages to urinate.

During urination, another sphincter located between the bladder and urethra will be open so that urine flows out. Simultaneously, the bladder wall to contract, causing pressure to push urine into the urethra. This pressure can be magnified by tightening the abdominal muscles. Sfinger at the entrance of the bladder remains shut to prevent backflow of urine into the ureters.

Bacteriuria without symptoms

Asymptomatic bacteriuria is a condition in which the bacterial counts greater than usual in the urine but caused no symptoms. Asymptomatic bacteriuria usually are not treated due to eradicate the bacteria type is relatively more difficult but complications are rare. Also, antibiotics can alter the balance of bacteria in the body, sometimes allowing the bacteria to flourish more difficult to be abolished.

Exceptions, if the person has a condition that makes the urinary tract infection really risky. Such conditions may occur in someone who is experiencing periods of pregnancy, kidney transplantation, using drugs that suppress the immune system, or have conditions that suppress the immune system (eg, AIDS, certain cancers, or had a white blood cell count low).

For example, bladder infections can seriously complicate pregnancy by increasing the kidneys and cause pyelonephritis infection, causing a miscarriage. Also, urinary tract infection can permanently damage one or both kidneys after renal transplantation.

Urinary tract infections can cause bloodstream infections are fatal in people with immune systems suppressed by medications or illness. Sometimes, the immune system becomes depressed after cancer chemotherapy. Asymptomatic bacteriuria is also sometimes treated in people who have certain types of kidney stones that can not be eliminated and lead to recurrence of urinary tract infections.